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<title>Gibeah</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon (ancient city)</a> or <a href="Geba_(city)" title="Geba (city)">Geba (city)</a>.</div>

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:31.823333333333334,35.23111111111111"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°49′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">035°13′52″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.82333°N 35.23111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.82333; 35.23111</span></span></span></a></span></span>

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<p><b>Gibeah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</span></span>; <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גִּבְעָה</span> <i>Gīḇəʿā</i>; Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גִּבְעַת</span> <i>Gīḇəʿaṯ</i>) is the name of three places mentioned in the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, in the tribes of <a href="Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, <a href="Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a>, and <a href="Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraim</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-aht_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aht-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><b>Gibeah of Benjamin</b>, also <b>Gibeah of Saul</b>, is the most commonly mentioned of the places. In the <a href="Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, it is the main setting to the story of the <a href="Levite's_concubine" title="Levite's concubine">Benjaminite War</a>. Later, in the <a href="Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Book of Samuel</a>, it is mentioned as the first capital of the united <a href="Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> under king <a href="Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>. During the <a href="First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, <a href="Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> established a camp nearby in the "Valley of Thorns", before proceeding to <a href="Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">besiege Jerusalem</a>.

</p><p>Gibeah of Benjamin is generally identified with <i>Tell el-Fūl</i> in northern <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>Gibeah is a Hebrew word meaning "hill" (<a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גִּבְעָה</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Giv'ah</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-aht_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aht-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">ḳbꜥw<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier169_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier169-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budge1043_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge1043-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>in <a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a>

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<td><a href="History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gibeah_of_Benjamin">Gibeah of Benjamin</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h3></div>

<p>Gibeah in the tribe of Benjamin was the location of the infamous rape of the <a href="Levite's_concubine" title="Levite's concubine">Levite's concubine</a>, and the resulting Battle of Gibeah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0719.htm#1">Judges 19–21</a>). Israel’s first king, King <a href="Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, reigned here for 22 years (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a08.htm#1">1 Samuel 8–31</a>). According to PEF explorer <a href="C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">C.R. Conder</a>, the name may have applied to a district as well as to a town, since the neighboring town of <a href="Ramah_in_Benjamin" title="Ramah in Benjamin">Ramah</a> is said to have been "in Gibeah."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is mentioned several times in later prophetic writings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as Gibeat (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0618.htm#28">Joshua 18:28</a>). The name "Gibeah of God" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">

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</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גִּבְעַת הָאֱלֹהִים</span>‎‎, <i>Give'at-elohim</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may also refer to this Gibeah.

</p><p>Perhaps to avoid confusion with other places named Gibeah, this location is also called "Gibeah of Benjamin" (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גִּבְעַת בִּנְיָמִין</span>‎‎, <i>Give'at Binyamin</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Gibeah of Saul" (<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גִּבְעַת שָׁאוּל</span>‎‎, <i>Give'at Sha'ul</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter name is also used by the modern neighborhood <a href="Givat_Shaul" title="Givat Shaul">Givat Shaul</a>, which however is located in a different location.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_extra-biblical_sources">In extra-biblical sources</h3></div>

<p>According to <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, the <a href="Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">10th Roman Legion</a> led by <a href="Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> camped in the "Valley of Thorns" (<i>Acanthon Aulon</i>) near <i>Gabaothsaul</i> before their <a href="Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This valley is identified with the contemporary Wâdi Beit Hanina.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_with_Tell_el-Ful">Identification with Tell el-Ful</h3></div>

<p>This Gibeah is generally identified with <b>Tell el-Fūl</b> (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تلّ الفول</span>, <small><a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'mound of <a href="Fava" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava">fava</a> beans'),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a hill in the northern reaches of modern <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, on the outskirts of the <a href="Pisgat_Ze'ev" title="Pisgat Ze'ev">Pisgat Ze'ev</a> and <a href="Shuafat" title="Shuafat">Shuafat</a> neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This location is 3 miles (4.8 km) north of ancient Jerusalem, along the watershed ridge at 2,754 feet (839 m) <a href="Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>. According to <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, Gabaothsaul was located about 30 <i><a href="Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a></i> north of Jerusalem, which would have roughly corresponded with the location of <i>Tell el-Fūl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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King <a href="Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein of Jordan</a> began construction on a <a href="Royal_Palace%2C_Tell_el-Ful" title="Royal Palace, Tell el-Ful">royal palace at Tell el-Ful</a>, but construction was halted when the <a href="Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> broke out. Since Israel won the war, King Hussein's palace was never finished and now all that remains is the skeleton of the building.</p><p>Alternatively, Gibeah may have been where <a href="Jaba'%2C_Jerusalem" title="Jaba', Jerusalem">Jaba'</a> now stands (9.12 kilometres (5.67 mi) north of Jerusalem), a view held by biblical scholar <a href="Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and C. Umhau Wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Jaba is now widely identified with the biblical city of <a href="Geba_(city)" title="Geba (city)">Geba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> also challenged the identification with <i>Tell el-Fūl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h4></div>

<p>Tell el-Ful was first excavated in 1868 by <a href="Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">Charles Warren</a>, while C.R. Conder described the remains in 1874. <a href="William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> led his first excavation from 1922 to 1923, and returned for a second season in 1923. His work was published in 1960. P.W. Lapp conducted a six-week <a href="Rescue_archaeology" title="Rescue archaeology">salvage excavation</a> in 1964. According to Kenneth Kitchen, "Upon this strategic point was found an <a href="Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron I</a> occupation replaced (at an interval) by a fortress ("I"), subsequently refurbished ("II"), and then later in disuse. The oldest level may reflect the Gibeah of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0719.htm#1">Judges 19–20</a>. The excavations by Albright, checked by Lapp, would favor the view that it was Saul who built the first fortress, later repaired by him or David. The first fort (quadrangular) had at least one rectangular corner-tower at its southwest angle; it may have had others at the other corners, but no traces were detected."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The site was once more inhabited around the start of the <a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, and its wall was once more in service. The citadel underwent repairs as well in the second century BCE. At the end of the second century BCE, the site was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gibeah_of_Judah_and_Ephraim">Gibeah of Judah and Ephraim</h2></div>

<p>Gibeah of Judah was a city in the tribal inheritance of Judah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0615.htm#57">Joshua 15:57</a>); cities mentioned in nearby verses included <a href="Zanoah" title="Zanoah">Zanoah</a> and <a href="Halhul" title="Halhul">Halhul</a>. <a href="C._R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Conder">C. R. Conder</a> identifies this Gibeah with <a href="Jab'a" title="Jab'a">Jab'a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Gibeah of Ephraim was a city in the tribal inheritance of Ephraim, "the Gibeah of <a href="Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0624.htm#33">Joshua 24:33</a>); <a href="Eleazar" title="Eleazar">Eleazar</a>, the son of <a href="Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>, was buried here. Possibly <a href="Awarta" title="Awarta">Awarta</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="History_of_Ancient_Israel_and_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ancient Israel and Judah">History of Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-aht-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aht_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aht_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.alhatorah.org/Dictionary/1390">Dictionary - AlHaTorah.org</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAharoni1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Yohanan_Aharoni" title="Yohanan Aharoni">Aharoni, Y.</a> (1979). <i>The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography</i> (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 435. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0664242669</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6250553">6250553</a>.</cite> (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', <a href="Bialik_Institute" title="Bialik Institute">Bialik Institute</a>, Jerusalem (1962))</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Gauthier169-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier169_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1928" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n87"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques</i></a>. Vol. 5. p. 169.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Budge1043-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budge1043_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWallis_Budge1920" class="citation book cs1">Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft"><i>An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets, etc</i></a>. Vol. II. <a href="John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1043">1043</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFConder1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Tent Work in Palestine. A Record of Discovery and Adventure</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley & Son (published for the Committee of the <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">PEF</a>). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tentworkinpalest02conduoft#page/111/mode/1up">111</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23589738">23589738</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1305.htm#8">Hosea 5:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1309.htm#9">9:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1310.htm#9">10:9</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1010.htm#29">Isaiah 10:29</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a10.htm#5">1 Samuel 10:5</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a13.htm#2">1 Samuel 13:2, 13:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a14.htm#16">14:16</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a11.htm#4">1 Samuel 11:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a15.htm#34">15:34</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2010:29&version=nrsv">Isaiah 10:29</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-josephus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josephus_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josephus_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> 5.2.1. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D5%3Asection%3D47">5.47</a>)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). <i>For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 293. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-24813-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAvi-Yonah1976" class="citation journal cs1">Avi-Yonah, Michael (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43587090">"Gazetteer of Roman Palestine"</a>. <i>Qedem</i>. <b>5</b>: 25. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-5844">0333-5844</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Lapp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195065121.001.0001/acref-9780195065121-e-393">Ful, Tell el-</a>, Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (1997).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaMar C. Berrett, <i>Discovering the World of the Bible</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="H.B._Tristram" class="mw-redirect" title="H.B. Tristram">H.B. Tristram</a>, <i>The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine</i>, London 1865, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landisraelajour01trisgoog/page/n220">169</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, E.</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft"><i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838</i></a>. Vol. 3. Boston: <a href="Crocker_%26_Brewster" title="Crocker & Brewster">Crocker & Brewster</a>. p. 122 (2nd appendix).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Umhau Wolf (1971), <i>The Onomasticon of Eusebius of Pamphili</i>, § 335 (d). This view is based on the premise that <i>Gabatha of Saul</i> (I Samuel 10:26) was known in Eusebius' time, and if it had been <i>Tell al Ful</i>, as claimed by historical geographers, they are still left to explain why no Byzantine remains were found at the site.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guerin, 1869, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n80/mode/1up">67</a>-69</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/9/mode/1up">9</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael_Finkelstein2011" class="citation journal cs1">Israel Finkelstein (2011). "Tell el-Ful revisited: The Assyrian and Hellenistic periods (with a new identification)". <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>. <b>143</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">106–</span>118. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F003103211x12971861556918">10.1179/003103211x12971861556918</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Kitchen, <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans), p. 97.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern-Zylberstein1990" class="citation cs2">Halpern-Zylberstein, Marie-Christine (1990-03-22), Davies, W. D.; Finkelstein, Louis (eds.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055123A005/type/book_part">"The Archeology of Hellenistic Palestine"</a></span>, <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism</i> (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521219297.002">10.1017/chol9780521219297.002</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-21929-7</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="H.B._Tristram" class="mw-redirect" title="H.B. Tristram">H.B. Tristram</a>, <i>Bible Places: or, The Topography of the Holy Land: a Succinct Account of All the Places, Rivers, and Mountains…</i>, London 1897, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bibleplacesortop00tris#page/82/mode/2up">83</a>; Conder & Kitchener, SWP (vol. 3), London 1883, p. 53.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gibeah" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Gibeah">Gibeah</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li>Albright, W.F. (1971). <i>The Archaeology of Palestine</i></li>

<li>Arnold, P. (1992). "Gibeah", <i>Anchor Bible Dictionary</i></li>

<li>Lapp, N. (1997). "Tell el-Ful", <i>Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRegev1999" class="citation journal cs1">Regev, Eyal (1999). "Josephus on Gibeah: Versions of a Toponym". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>89</b> (3/4). University of Pennsylvania Press: <span class="nowrap">351–</span>359. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1455028">1455028</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Sinclair, L.A. (1960). <i>An Archaeological Study of Gibeah</i></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Sites_of_the_Israelite_settlement427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a> of the <a href="Israelite_highland_settlement" title="Israelite highland settlement">Israelite settlement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the Israelite Settlement</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New settlements at previously unoccupied sites<br>in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Eben-Ezer" title="Eben-Ezer">Izbet Sartah</a></li>

<li><a href="Giloh" title="Giloh">Giloh</a></li>

<li><a href="Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a></li>

<li>Khirbet ed-Dawwara</li>

<li><a href="Khirbet_el-Mastarah" title="Khirbet el-Mastarah">Khirbet el-Mastarah</a></li>

<li>Khirbet Ghuraba</li>

<li>Khirbet Ibn Nasir</li>

<li><a href="Tel_Be'er_Sheva" title="Tel Be'er Sheva">Tel Be'er Sheva</a> (<a href="Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>)</li>

<li>Tel Esdar</li>

<li><a href="Zaretan" title="Zaretan">Tell es-Sa'idiyeh</a> (<a href="Zaretan" title="Zaretan">Zaretan</a>)</li>

<li>Tell Radanna</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New settlements at long deserted sites<br>in 12th/11th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bethzur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethzur">Bethzur</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li>

<li>Khirbet Marjameh</li>

<li><a href="Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Tel Kinrot</a> (Kinneret)</li>

<li>Tel Masos</li>

<li><a href="Tell_en-Nasbeh" title="Tell en-Nasbeh">Tell en-Nasbeh</a> (<a href="Mizpah_in_Benjamin" title="Mizpah in Benjamin">Mizpah</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Tel_Rumeida" title="Tel Rumeida">Tel Rumeida</a> (<a href="Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azekah" title="Azekah">Azekah</a></li>

<li><a href="Asdudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asdudu">Ashdod</a></li>

<li><a href="Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a></li>

<li><a href="Deir_Alla" title="Deir Alla">Deir Alla</a> (Succoth)</li>

<li><a href="Lachish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish">Lachish</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabud" title="Rabud">Rabud</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Beit_Mirsim" title="Tell Beit Mirsim">Tell Beit Mirsim</a></li>

<li><a href="Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Tel Hazor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not destroyed in late 13th/early 12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li>

<li><a href="Taanach" class="mw-redirect" title="Taanach">Taanach</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox659" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4253483-5">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4256294-6">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052272">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987010929274705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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